Real Lab Procedure
Tests for Unsaturation
Experiment |
Procedure |
Observation |
Inference |
Bromine Test |
Dissolve a little of the given organic compound in about 2 ml of distilled water in a test tube and add few drops of bromine water to it and shake well. |
Disappearance of orange-red colour of bromine. |
Compound is unsaturated. |
No disappearance of orange-red colour. |
Compound is saturated. |
Baeyer's Test (Alkaline KMnO4 Test) |
Dissolve a little of the given organic compound in about 2 ml of distilled water in a test tube and add few drops of alkaline solution of KMnO4 to it and shake well. |
Disappearance of pink colour of KMnO4. |
Compound is unsaturated. |
No disappearance of pink colour of KMnO4. |
Compound is saturated. |
Tests for Alcoholic Group
Experiment |
Procedure |
Observation |
Inference |
Sodium metal Test
|
Take about 1 ml of the given liquid in a dry test tube, add about 1gram of anhydrous calcium sulphate and shake well to remove water. Filter the liquid into another clean dry test tube and add a small piece of sodium metal. |
Brisk effervescence is produced. |
Brisk effervescence is due to the evolution of hydrogen gas indicating the presence of alcoholic group. |
Ester Test |
Take about 1 ml of the give liquid in a clean dry test tube, add about 1 ml glacial acetic acid and 2-3 drops of conc. sulphuric acid. Warm the mixture on a water bath for about 10 minutes. Pour it into about 20 ml of cold water taken in a beaker and smell. |
A fruity smell is produced. |
Presence of alcoholic group. |
Ceric ammonium nitrate Test |
Take about 1 ml of the given liquid in a clean dry test tube and add few drops of ceric ammonium nitrate reagent and shake it well. |
Pink or red colour is developed. |
Presence of alcoholic group. |
Acetyl chloride Test |
Take about 2 ml of the given liquid in a clean dry test tube, add 1 g of anhydrous calcium sulphate and shake well to remove water. Filter the liquid into another clean dry test tube and to the filtrate, add 2-3 drops of acetyl chloride. Shake the test tube well and bring a glass rod dipped in ammonium hydroxide solution near the mouth of the test tube. |
White fumes are produced. |
Presence of alcoholic group. |
Distinguishing Tests for Primary, Secondary and tertiary Alcohols
Experiment |
Procedure |
Observation |
Inference |
Lucas Test |
Take about 1 ml of dry alcohol in a clean dry test tube and add 8-10 drops of Lucas reagent. Shake the mixture well. |
If cloudiness appears immediately. |
Presence of tertiary alcohol. |
If cloudiness appears within five minutes. |
Presence of secondary alcohol. |
If cloudiness appears only upon heating. |
Presence of primary alcohol. |
Tests for Phenolic Group
Experiment |
Procedure |
Observation |
Inference |
Litmus Test |
Place a drop of the given liquid (or a crystal if solid) on a moist blue litmus paper. |
Blue litmus turns to red. |
Presence of phenoilc group. |
Ferric chloride Test |
Take about 1 ml of neutral ferric chloride solution in a clean test tube and add 2-3 drops of the given liquid (or crystal is solid). |
Violet colour is seen. |
Presence of phenolic group. |
Liebermann’s Test |
Take a small quantity of sodium nitrite in a clean dry test tube and add about 1 ml of the given liquid (or crystal if solid). Heat the test tube very gently for half a minute and allow it to cool. Then add about 1 ml of conc. sulphuric acid and shake the test tube to mix the contents. |
A deep blue or green colouration is seen. |
Presence of phenolic group. |
Add distilled water carefully to the test tube. |
Colour turns to red. |
Add excess of sodium hydroxide solution to the test tube. |
Deep blue or green colour appears. |
Phthalein Dye Test |
Take 1 ml of the given liquid in a clean dry test tube (or crystal if solid) and add 1-2 drops of conc. sulphuric acid. Heat the test tube for about 1 minute in an oil bath. Cool and pour the reaction mixture carefully into a beaker containing 15 ml of dil. sodium hydroxide solution. |
Pink colour is seen.
|
Presence of phenolic group. |
Tests for Aldehydic and Ketonic Groups
Experiment |
Procedure |
Observation |
Inference |
2,4-Dintrophenyl hydrazine Test |
Take a small quantity of the given compound in a clean dry test tube, add rectified spirit until the compound just dissolves. Now add few drops of 2, 4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine solution. Cork the test tube, shake the mixture and allow it to stand for 5 minutes. |
Yellow or orange precipitate is formed. |
Presence of carbonyl group. |
Sodium bisulphite Test |
Take about 2 ml of saturated solution of sodium bisulphite in a clean test tube and add a small quantity of the given compound. Cork the test tube, shake and leave it for 15-20 minutes. |
White crystalline precipitate is formed. |
Presence of carbonyl group. |
Differentiating Tests for Aldehydes
Experiment |
Procedure |
Observation |
Inference |
Schiff’s Test |
Dissolve a small quantity of the given compound in a clean test tube and add about 1 ml of Schiff’s reagent and shake it well. |
Pink colour is seen. |
Presence of aldehydic group is confirmed. |
Tollen’s Test (Silver mirror test) |
Take about 1 ml of silver nitrate solution in a clean test tube and add 2-3 ml of dilute NaOH solution. A brown precipitate of silver oxide forms. Now add dilute ammonia solution dropwise until the brown precipitate of silver oxide just dissolves. To this add 3-4 drops of the given liquid (or 0.1 g if solid) and warm the test tube on a water bath for about 5 minutes. |
Shining silver mirror is formed. |
Presence of aldehydic group is confirmed. |
Fehling’s Test |
Take 1 ml each of Fehling’s solution A and B in a test tube. Add 4-5 drops of the given organic liquid (or 0.2g if solid) and warm the test in a water bath for 4-5 minutes. |
Red precipitate is formed. |
Presence of aldehydic group is confirmed. |
Differentiating Tests for Ketones
Experiment |
Procedure |
Observation |
Inference |
m-Dinitrobenzene Test |
Take a small quantity of the given compound in a clean test tube and add about 0.1g of finely powdered m-dinitrobenzene. Now add about 1 ml of dilute sodium hydroxide solution and shake it well. |
Violet colour is formed which slowly fades away. |
Presence of ketonic group is confirmed. |
Sodium nitroprusside Test |
Dissolve a small quantity of sodium nitroprusside in about 1 ml of distilled water in a clean test tube and then add a small quantity of the given compound. Shake the test tube well and add sodium hydroxide solution dropwise. |
Red colouration. |
Presence of ketonic group is confirmed. |
Tests for Carboxylic Group
Experiment |
Procedure |
Observation |
Inference |
Litmus Test |
Place a drop of the given liquid (or a crystal if solid) on a moist blue litmus paper. |
Blue litmus turns to red. |
Presence of carboxylic group. |
Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate Test |
Take 1 ml of the given organic compound in a test tube and add a pinch of sodium bicarbonate to it. |
Brisk effervescence is observed. |
Presence of carboxylic group. |
Ester Test |
Take a small quantity of the given organic compound in a clean test tube, add 1 ml of ethyl alcohol and 1-2 drops of conc. sulphuric acid into it. Heat the reaction mixture on a water bath for about 5 minutes. Pour the mixture into a beaker containing water. |
You get a fruity smell. |
Presence of carboxylic group. |
Tests for Amino Group
Experiment |
Procedure |
Observation |
Inference |
Solubility Test |
Take a small quantity of the given compound in a clean test tube and add 2-3 ml of dil.HCl and shake the test tube well. |
Compound is soluble in dil.HCl. |
Compound may be amine. |
Litmus Test |
Place a drop of the given liquid (or a pinch of solid) on a moist red litmus paper. |
Red litmus turns to blue. |
Compound may be amine. |
Carbylamines Test |
Take a small quantity of solid KOH in a clean dry test tube and add about 2 ml of ethanol. Warm the test tube until the pellets dissolve. To this add a few drops of chloroform and small amount of the given compound and warm gently. |
An offensive smell is produced. |
Presence of primary amine. |
Azo-Dye Test |
Take three test tubes A, B and C. In test tube A, dissolve a small quantity of the compound in 2 ml of HCl. In test tube B, prepare an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite. In test tube C, dissolve a small quantity of β-naphthol in dilute sodium hydroxide. Place all the three test tubes in an ice bath. Now add sodium nitrite solution into test tube A and the resulting solution is added to test tube C. |
Formation of a red or orange dye. |
Presence of aromatic primary amine is confirmed. |
Distinguishing Tests for Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Amines
Experiment |
Procedure |
observation |
Inference |
Nitrous acid Test |
Make a solution of about 1 g of sodium nitrite in about 5 ml distilled water in a test tube and cool it in an ice bath. In a separate test tube, dissolve a small quantity of the given compound in about 1 ml of conc. sulphuric acid and cool this also in ice bath. Mix both the solutions. |
Bubbles of nitrogen gas. |
Presence of primary aliphatic amine. |
Formation of a yellow oily layer. |
Presence of secondary amine. |
No visible change. |
Presence of tertiary amine. |
Hinsberg Test |
Take a small quantity of the given compound in a clean test tube, add about 2 ml of 25% NaOH, 2 ml of water and 1 ml of benzene sulphonyl chloride. Shake the mixture for about 10 minutes and then cool under tap water and note the formation of precipitate. Treat the precipitate with 2 ml of conc.HCl. |
No precipitate (clear solution). On addition of conc. HCl, insoluble material is seen. |
Presence of primary amine. |
Precipitate is formed in the test tube. It does not dissolve in conc. HCl. |
Presence of secondary amine. |
Precipitate is formed in the test tube. It dissolves in conc. HCl. |
Presence of tertiary amine. |
Simulator Procedure (as performed through the Online Labs)
You can select the type from ‘Select the type’ drop down list.
Unsaturation
- You can select the test from ‘Select the test’ drop down list.
Bromine Water Test
- Drag the dropper to test tube A to add bromine water to the saturated compound.
- Drag test tube A to shake it well.
- You can see that bromine water does not decolourise.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- Drag the dropper to test tube B to add bromine water to the unsaturated compound.
- Drag test tube B to shake it well.
- You can see the decolourisation of bromine water.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
Baeyer’s Test
- Drag the dropper to test tube A to add alkaline potassium permanganate to the saturated compound.
- Drag test tube A to shake it well.
- You can see that potassium permanganate solution does not decolourise.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- Drag the dropper to test tube B to add alkaline potassium permanganate to the unsaturated compound.
- Drag test tube B to shake it well.
- You can see the decolourisation of potassium permanganate solution.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
Functional group
- You can select the functional group from ‘Select the functional group’ drop down list.
Alcohols
- You can select the test from ‘Select the test’ drop down list.
Sodium Metal Test
- Drag the spatula to test tube A to add anhydrous calcium sulphate to the sample.
- Drag test tube A to shake it well and remove the moisture content in the sample.
- Drag test tube A to test tube B to filter contents of A into B through the funnel and filter paper.
- Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.
- Drag the forceps to the bottle containing sodium metal to take a small piece of metal. .
- Drag the forceps to the filter paper to place the sodium metal on the filter paper.
- Drag the other filter paper to the filter paper containing sodium metal to press the sodium metal with the paper to dry it.
- Drag the forceps to the filter paper to take the dry piece of sodium.
- Drag the forceps to the test tube to put the dry piece of sodium into the sample.
- You can see the formation of brisk effervescence inside the test tube.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
Ester Test
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add glacial acetic acid to the sample.
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add Conc. sulphuric acid to the sample.
- Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.
- Drag the test tube to the beaker to place it in the water bath.
- Click on the switch of the hot plate to heat the water bath.
- Wait for 10 minutes to heat the contents of the test tube.
- Drag the test tube to the small beaker to pour the contents of the test tube into the cold water.
- A fruity smell is produced.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
Ceric Ammonium Nitrate Test
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add ceric ammonium nitrate solution to the sample.
- Drag the test tube to shake it well.
- You can see the formation of red colour in the test tube.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
Acetyl chloride test
- Drag the spatula to test tube A to add anhydrous calcium sulphate to the sample.
- Drag test tube A to shake it well and remove the moisture content in the sample.
- Drag test tube A to test tube B to filter contents of A into B through the funnel and filter paper.
- Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.
- Drag the dropper to test tube B to drop acetyl chloride into the sample.
- Drag test tube B to shake it well.
- Drag the glass rod to the bottle to dip it in ammonium hydroxide solution and drag it again to test tube B to hold it over the mouth of the test tube.
- You can see the formation of white fumes from the glass rod.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
Iodoform Test
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop 1% iodine solution into the sample.
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop dil. sodium hydroxide solution into the sample.
- Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.
- Drag the test tube to the beaker to place it in the water bath.
- Click on the switch of the hot plate to heat the water bath.
- Wait for 10 minutes to heat the contents of the test tube.
- You can see the formation of a yellow precipitate in the test tube.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
Lucas Test
- Drag the dropper to test tube A to drop Lucas reagent into tertiary alcohol.
- Drag test tube A to shake it well.
- You can see the immediate formation of cloudiness in the test tube.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- Drag the dropper to test tube B to drop Lucas reagent into secondary alcohol.
- Drag test tube B to shake it well for 5 minutes.
- You can see the formation of cloudiness in the test tube after 5 minutes.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- Drag the dropper to the test tube C to drop Lucas reagent into a primary alcohol.
- Drag test tube C to shake it well and place it over the Bunsen burner.
- Click on the knob of the burner to turn it on and heat the contents of test tube C.
- You can see the formation of cloudiness in the test tube after heating.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
- Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
- Phenols
- You can select the test form ‘Select the test’ drop down list.
- Litmus test
- Drag the dropper to the moist blue litmus paper to drop the sample on it.
- You can see that the blue litmus turns red.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
Ferric Chloride Test
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop the sample into neutral ferric chloride solution.
- Drag the test tube to shake it well.
- You can see the formation of violet colour in the test tube.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
Liebermann’s Test
- Drag the spatula to the test tube to add sodium nitrite into the sample.
- Click on the knob of the burner to turn it on.
- Drag the test tube over the Bunsen burner to heat the contents of the test tube.
- Wait for 10 minutes to cool the contents of the test tube.
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop Conc. sulphuric acid into it.
- Drag the test tube to the canvas area to shake it well.
- You can see the formation of a deep blue or green colour.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop distilled water into the contents of the test tube.
- You can see that the colour changes to deep red.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop excess sodium hydroxide solution into the contents of the test tube.
- You can see that the colour changes to deep blue or green.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
Phthalein Dye Test
- Drag the spatula to the test tube to add phthalic anhydride into the sample.
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop Conc. sulphuric acid into the sample.
- Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.
- Drag the test tube to the beaker to place it in the oil bath.
- Click on the switch of the hot plate to heat the oil bath.
- Wait for 10 minutes to heat the contents of the test tube.
- Drag the test tube to the rack to return it.
- Wait for 10 minutes to cool the contents of the test tube.
- Drag the test tube to the small beaker to pour the contents of the test tube into the sodium hydroxide solution.
- You can see that a pink colour has developed in the beaker.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
Aldehydes
- You can select the test form ‘Select the test’ drop down list.
Schiff’s Test
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add Schiff’s reagent into the sample.
- Drag the test tube to the canvas area to shake it well.
- You can see the formation of pink colour in the test tube.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
Tollen’s Test
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop silver nitrate solution into it.
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add dil. sodium hydroxide solution to silver nitrate solution.
- You can see the formation of a brown precipitate in the test tube.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add dil. ammonia solution to the brown precipitate.
- You can see that the brown precipitate dissolves in dil. ammonia.
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add the sample to it.
- Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.
- Drag the test tube to the beaker to place it in the water bath.
- Click on the switch of the hot plate to heat the water bath.
- Wait for 10 minutes to heat the contents of the test tube.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
Fehling’s Test
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop Fehling’s solution A into the sample.
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop Fehling’s solution B into the sample.
- Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.
- Drag the test tube to the beaker to place it in the water bath.
- Click on the switch of the hot plate to heat the water bath.
- Wait for some time to heat the contents of the test tube.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
- Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
- 2,4 – Dinitrophenylhydrazine Test
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add rectified spirit into the sample.
- Drag the test tube to shake it well.
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add 2,4–dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent to the sample.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
- Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
- Sodium Bisulphite Test
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop saturated solution of sodium bisulphite into the sample.
- Drag the cork to the test tube to close the test tube with it.
- Drag the test tube to shake it well.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
Ketones
- You can select the test form ‘Select the test’ drop down list.
2,4–Dinitrophenylhydrazine Test
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add rectified spirit to the sample.
- Drag the test tube to shake it well.
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add 2,4–dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent into the sample.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
Sodium Bisulphite Test
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop saturated solution of sodium bisulphite into the sample.
- Drag the cork to the test tube to close the test tube with it.
- Drag the test tube to shake it well.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
m-dinitrobenzene Test
- Drag the spatula to the test tube to add m-dinitrobenzene to the sample.
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add dil. sodium hydroxide to it.
- You can see that a violet colour is developed in the test tube.
- Drag the test tube to shake it well.
- You can see that the violet colour slowly fades away.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
Sodium Nitroprusside Test
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add sodium nitroprusside solution to the sample.
- Drag the test tube to shake it well.
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop sodium hydroxide solution into it.
- You can see the formation of a red colouration.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
Carboxylic Acids
- You can select the test form ‘Select the test’ drop down list.
Litmus Test
- Drag the dropper to the moist blue litmus paper to drop the sample on it.
- You can see that the blue litmus turns red.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate Test
- Drag the spatula to the test tube to add sodium bicarbonate to the sample.
- You can see the evolution of brisk effervescence in the test tube.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
Ester Test
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add ethyl alcohol into the sample.
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add conc. sulphuric acid into the sample.
- Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.
- Drag the test tube to the beaker to place it in the water bath.
- Click on the switch of the hot plate to heat the water bath.
- Wait for 10 minutes to heat the contents of the test tube.
- Drag the test tube to the small beaker to pour the contents of the test tube into the cold water.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
Amines
- You can select the test form ‘Select the test’ drop down list.
Solubility Test
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add dil. HCl into the sample.
- Drag the test tube to shake it well.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
Litmus Test
- Drag the dropper to the moist red litmus paper to drop the sample on it.
- You can see that the red litmus turns to blue.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
Carbylamines Test
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add ethanol to potassium hydroxide.
- Click on the knob of the burner to turn it on.
- Drag the test tube over the burner to warm the contents of the test tube.
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add chloroform to it.
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop the sample into it.
- Click on the knob of the burner to turn it on.
- Drag the test tube over the burner to warm its contents for 10 minutes.
- An offensive smelling compound is produced.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
Azo Dye Test
- Drag the dropper to the test tube A to add dil. hydrochloric acid to the sample.
- Drag test tube A to shake it well and dissolve the sample in dil. HCl.
- Drag the dropper to the test tube C to add dil. sodium hydroxide to the β-naphthol.
- Drag test tube C to shake it well and dissolve β-naphthol in dil.NaOH.
- Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.
- Drag test tubes A, B and C to place them in ice bath.
- Wait for 10 minutes to cool the solutions.
- Drag the test tubes to the test tube rack to place them in the rack.
- Drag test tube B to test tube A to pour sodium nitrite solution into the sample.
- Drag test tube A to test tube C to pour the resulting solution into alkaline solution of β-naphthol.
- You can see a scarlet red coloured compound in the test tube.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
- Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
Nitrous Acid Test
- You can select the amine form ‘Select the amine’ drop down list.
Primary Amines
- Drag the dropper to test tube A to add Conc. HCl to primary amine.
- Drag the spatula to test tube B to add sodium nitrite to distilled water.
- Drag test tube A to shake it well and dissolve the compound in Conc. HCl.
- Drag test tube B to shake it well and dissolve sodium nitrite.
- Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.
- Drag test tubes A and B to place them in the ice bath.
- Wait for 10 minutes to cool the solutions.
- Drag the test tubes to the test tube rack to place them in the rack.
- Drag test tube B to test tube A to pour sodium nitrite solution into primary amine.
- You can see the evolution of gas bubbles in the test tube.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
Secondary Amines
- Drag the dropper to test tube A to add Conc. HCl to secondary amine.
- Drag the spatula to test tube B to add sodium nitrite to distilled water.
- Drag test tube A to shake the test tube well and dissolve the compound in Conc. HCl.
- Drag test tube B to shake the test tube well and dissolve sodium nitrite.
- Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.
- Drag test tubes A and B to place them in the ice bath.
- Wait for 10 minutes to cool the solutions.
- Drag the test tubes to the test tube rack to return them.
- Drag test tube B to test tube A to pour sodium nitrite solution into secondary amine.
- You can see the formation of a yellow oily layer in the test tube.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
Tertiary Amines
- Drag the dropper to test tube A to add Conc. HCl to tertiary amine.
- Drag the spatula to test tube B to add sodium nitrite to distilled water.
- Drag test tube A to shake the test tube well and dissolve the compound in Conc. HCl.
- Drag test tube B to shake it well and dissolve sodium nitrite.
- Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.
- Drag test tubes A and B to place them in ice bath.
- Wait for 10 minutes to cool the solutions.
- Drag the test tubes to the test tube rack to return them.
- Drag test tube B to test tube A to pour sodium nitrite solution into tertiary amine.
- You cannot see any characteristics changes in the test tube.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
Hinsberg Test
- You can select the amine form ‘Select the amine’ drop down list.
Primary Amine
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add 25% sodium hydroxide solution to primary amine.
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add water to the test tube.
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add benzene sulphonyl chloride to the test tube.
- Drag the test tube to shake it well.
- Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.
- Drag the test tube to the beaker to place it in the beaker containing water.
- Wait for 10 minutes to cool the contents of the test tube.
- Drag the test tube to the test tube rack to return it.
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add Conc. hydrochloric acid to it.
- You can see the formation of a white precipitate in the test tube.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
Secondary Amine
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add 25% sodium hydroxide solution into secondary amine.
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add water to the test tube.
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add benzene sulphonyl chloride to the test tube.
- Drag the test tube to shake it well.
- Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.
- Drag the test tube to the beaker to place it in the beaker containing water.
- Wait for 10 minutes to cool the contents of the test tube.
- You can see the formation of a white precipitate in the test tube.
- Drag the test tube to the test tube rack to return it.
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add Conc. hydrochloric acid to it.
- You cannot see any characteristics changes in the test tube.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.
Tertiary Amine
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add 25% sodium hydroxide solution to tertiary amine.
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add water to the test tube.
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add benzene sulphonyl chloride to the test tube.
- Drag the test tube to shake it well.
- Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.
- Drag the test tube to the beaker to place it in the beaker containing water.
- Wait for 10 minutes to cool the contents of the test tube.
- You can see the formation of a white precipitate in the test tube.
- Drag the test tube to the test tube rack to return it.
- Drag the dropper to the test tube to add Conc. hydrochloric acid to it.
- You can see that the white precipitate dissolves.
- Click on the inference icon to see the inference.
- To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.
Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions