64 Green plastic beads (both with the uniform size and shape)
4 Beaker/Petri dish
Napkin/Hand towel
Pencil
The Procedure
Real lab procedure
Take 64 yellow and take 64 green beads in a separate beaker.
Mark the yellow beads as male with the indication symbol of capital “Y” and the green beads as female with the indication symbol of small “y”.
Take a napkin or hand towel and spread over the table.
Take one yellow bead as a male and one green bead from another beaker as a female and place it together on the table.
Complete the 64 sets of pairs (one yellow male – one green female) and place it on the towel.
The 64 sets of beads are obtained and are represented as the “F₁ generation”. (Note: all the F₁ generation represented by one yellow male bead and one green female bead).
Take first 32 sets of F₁ generation and put it in another beaker / petri dish and mark as F₁ male.
Take another 32 sets of F₁ generation and put it in another beaker and mark as F₁ female.
Mix the beads thoroughly using pencil (or) shaking the beads carefully without falls off the beads.
Then start to arrange the beads on the towel randomly taking the beads in the form of one F₁ male from one beaker and one F₁ female from another beaker.
Complete the process until the beads reaches the sets of 64 pairs.
The 64 sets of F₂ generation were obtained and it represented as “F₂ off springs”.
Note the genotype (YY or Yy or yy) of F₂ generation of each pair and their phenotype.
Repeat the experiment four or five times (repeat the above 12 steps one by one) by changing the arrangements of the beads.
Tabulate all the obtained data from changing the beads colour (by repeating the process).
Identify (or) calculate the genotypic and phenotypic ratio from the obtained data.
Simulator Procedure
Click the yellow bead beaker which is labelled as Male Y and drop it on the table (1st box).
Click the Green bead beaker which is labelled as Female y and drop it on the 1st box (near to the yellow bead).
Repeat the above steps making a pair of yellow and green beads (32 sets) and fill up all the table.
Now you can get the 32 sets of F1 generation.
Click on the Next button.
Click on the 1st table contains 16 pairs of yellow – green beads and drop it on the beaker and label as F1 male.
Click the another set of 16 pairs and drop it on another beaker and label as F1 female.
Drag the pencil to mix the beads in both beakers.
Click on the Next button.
Click the F1 male beaker to take one bead randomly and drop it on the table.
Click the F1 female beaker to take one bead and drop it on 1st box (near to the randomly selected bead).
Repeat the above steps making a pair randomly (32 sets) and fill up all the table.
Now you can get the 32 sets of F2 generation.
Click on the Next button.
Drag and drop the beads on the count box to count and find the genotypic ratio based on its pair arrangement.
[Green – green (YY), Green – yellow(Yy), Yellow – green (Yy), yellow- yellow (yy)].
